This course addresses issues of collective action, mobilisations, and civil society, at the transnational (and, especially, European) level. Moving away from elections and party politics, it focuses on political actions undertaken by a variety of actors outside the political field. These can be ordinary citizens organising grassroots mobilisations, but also non-political elites (business elites, corporations, intellectuals, ...) seeking to influence decision-making. At the European level, these mobilisations face serious challenges and raise the question of the possibilities of the existence of a European civil society and a European public sphere, generally considered as key elements of a democratic polity. The course provides a general overview of scholarship on these topics and presents numerous case studies of (trans)national mobilisations in Europe and beyond.